History of the Canadian 1977 base of the National and International Criminal action (Updated)
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History of the Canadian 1977 base of the National and International Criminal action (Updated)
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History of this Canadian political international criminal evolution and politically involve and associated with: |
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The Planners |
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The CTRSM "Quebec Crow Corporation" Quebec Investment and Deposit Bank (Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec) |
FTQ - Quebec Worker Federation |
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(More identified has the involve reseller, exploiter and profiteer of the crime more then 20 years 20) |
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All of the Quebec Provincial and Federal Canadian Deputy, Senator, etc. Université Fraser Université McGill Université Montréal Université Nouveau Brunswick Université Calgary and more....more .....m |
Quebec Bar association (disponible French Only)
and more....more .....m |
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The Followers for their personal double pay and Canadian notoriety or sometime only the Canadian notoriety for this Canadian National COVERT-UP As demonstrated by all the E-Mail And Fax Sent to them All the federal Canadian Premier and provincials Premiers Only two answer All the Canadian Federal and Provincials political Party All the Canadian Federal and Provincials Justice ministers Never response except Mr. Bourassa Reception Confirmation Only two had some puzzling response All the Canadian Senators The RCMP (GRC) and all the Quebec provincial Police (Sûreté provincial du Québec) regional directors etc. List sent to the FBI by fax on March 06 1998 The Canadian under this illegal domination
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Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) was a period of rapid change experienced in Québec from 1960 to 1966. The vivid, yet paradoxical, description of the period was first used by an anonymous writer in the Globe and Mail. Although Québec was a highly industrialized, urban and relatively outward-looking society in 1960, the UNION NATIONALE Party, in power since 1944, seemed increasingly anachronistic as it held tenaciously to a conservative ideology and relentlessly defended outdated traditional values. In the election of 22 June 1960 the Liberals broke the hold of the Union Nationale, taking 51 seats and 51.5% of the popular vote as compared to the latter's 43 seats and 46.6% of the vote. Under Jean LESAGE the Québec Liberal Party had developed a coherent, wide-ranging reform platform. The main issue of the election was indicated by the Liberal slogan, "It's time for a change." In 2 years the Lesage government managed to carry out or plan many reforms. Everything came under scrutiny, everything was discussed; a new age of open debate began. The government attacked political patronage and changed the electoral map to provide better representation for urban areas. To reduce the size of secret electoral funds, it limited authorized expenditures during election periods. It also lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Lesage attempted to put the public purse in order by promoting a dynamic provincial budget and by raising loans. From 1960-61 to 1966-67, the budget grew from $745 million to $2.1 billion. The spectacular development of government institutions and the vastly increased role of the state in the province's economic, social and cultural life unleashed forces that would have major consequences. The pressures exerted by the BABY BOOM generation, which had now reached adolescence, created a dramatic situation and pushed Québec's weak educational system to the breaking point. The government introduced new legislation on education and established a commission of inquiry on education, which was chaired by Mgr Alphonse-Marie Parent. The resulting Parent Report tackled the entire system. In recommending the creation of a department of education, it questioned the role of the Catholic Church, which controlled the public Catholic school system. The church resisted recommended changes, but without success. The Parent Report contributed significantly to creating a unified, democratic, modern school system accessible to the entire population. The desire to modernize was also evident in the social sphere. Upon taking power, the government decided to participate in the federal-provincial hospital-insurance program. In 1964 it introduced 3 major pieces of legislation: an extensive revision of the labour code; Bill 16, which abolished a married woman's judicial handicap by which her legal status was that of a minor; and a pension plan. The government's most spectacular accomplishment in economics was the nationalization of private electricity companies, an idea that was promoted in 1962 by René LÉVESQUE, minister of natural resources. The government decided to go to the electorate on this issue, and on 14 Nov 1962 the Liberals won again, with 56.6% of the vote and 63 seats. The many objectives of nationalization included standardizing rates across the province, coordinating investments in this key sector, integrating the system, encouraging industrialization, guaranteeing economic benefits for the Québec economy through a buy-Québec policy, and making the sector more French in nature. HYDRO-QUÉBEC not only met most of these objectives but became a symbol of success and a source of pride for Quebeckers. Another major success was the creation in 1965 of the CAISSE DE DÉPOT ET PLACEMENT DU QUÉB EC (CDPQ). The caisse (CDPQ) was made responsible for administering the assets of the QUÉBEC PENSION PLAN, which rapidly grew to several billion dollars.The maîtres chez nous ("masters in our own house") philosophy that permeated the government and its reforms was bound to have an influence on FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS. The Lesage government demanded a review of federal policy and won a major victory following a stormy first ministers' conference in 1964. Lesage forced the federal government to accept Québec's withdrawal from several cost-sharing programs and to compensate Québec fiscally. The issue of special status arose when Québec was the only province to win acceptance of the right to withdraw. It was perhaps to calm the anxieties of English Canada and to show his good will that in 1964 Lesage agreed to the proposal for repatriating and amending the constitution by a method known as the Fulton-Favreau formula. However, because of the extreme reactions of various nationalist groups within the province, Lesage had to withdraw his support and to dissociate himself from the other 10 governments that had accepted the formula. The Québec government also sought to stake out international rights. In 1961 it opened the Maisons du Québec in Paris, London and New York. However, when Québec signaled its intention to sign cultural and educational agreements with France, Ottawa intervened, asserting that there could be only one interlocutor with foreign countries. These federal-provincial quarrels raised the question of the place of Québec and French Canadians in Confederation. In 1965, for instance, the Royal Commission on BILINGUALISM AND BICULTURALISM noted that "Canada, without being fully conscious of the fact, is passing through the greatest crisis in its history. The source of the crisis lies in the Province of Quebec." FRENCH CANADIAN NATIONALISM, which was becoming more and more Québécois in nature, was exacerbated by this crisis. The number of separatist groups increased; some of them adopted more extreme positions and the FRONT DE LIBÉRATION DU QUÉBEC began to indulge in TERRORISM. At the same time, other Francophones worried about this growth of nationalism. Among them were Jean MARCHAND, Gérard PELLETIER and Pierre Elliott TRUDEAU, who joined the federal Liberal Party and were elected to Parliament in 1965.When the Québec Liberals again faced the electorate in 1966 they were confident of re-election. But the Union Nationale had renewed its image and attracted dissatisfied individuals among conservatives, nationalists and those who had voted CRÉDITISTE in the federal election. The party still had a solid base in the rural areas that were left largely untouched by the Quiet Revolution. On June 5 the Union Nationale won 56 seats against the Liberals' 50. However, the Liberals obtained 47% of the popular vote whereas the Unionistes, led by Daniel JOHNSON, obtained only 41%. The Quiet Revolution has been the major reference point used by all Québec governments who have held power since the Liberal defeat in 1966, a fact which illustrates the importance of this episode in Québec's history. Author RENÉ DUROCHER
Strong, Maurice Frederick from TCE StandardStrong, Maurice Frederick, business administrator, environmentalist, statesman (b at Oak Lake, Man 29 Apr 1929). Strong began a business career as a trading-post employee for the HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY in the Arctic in 1944. His business talents developed as he quickly moved from being accountant for a mining group in Toronto (1945) through a series of management and investment positions with various energy and financial corporations (1948-66). In 1966 he shifted to international and later environmental affairs. He headed the Canada International Development Assistance Programme and its successor, the CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, until 1970, defining its long-term strategies. He then was secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and undersecretary-general of the UN Switzerland office (1970-72), then executive director of the UN Environment Programme in Nairobi, Kenya (1973-75). Strong returned to business as head of PETRO-CANADA (1976-78), after which he became chairman of the International Energy Development Corp (1980-83), chairman of the Canada Development Investment Corp (1982-84), and again undersecretary-general of the UN (1985-87 and 1989-92). As secretary-general of the UN Conference on Environment and Development, Strong co-ordinated the historic conference on the environment held at Rio de Janiero, Brazil in June 1992. As chairman of ONTARIO HYDRO (1992-95), he was credited with stabilizing its finances. In 1997 Strong was named senior advisor on reforming the United Nations. Numerous volunteer activities have included positions with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; the WORLD WILDLIFE FUND; the World Council of Churches; the Society for Development, Justice, and Peace (the Vatican); the North-South Institute; and the World Commission on Environment and Development. Strong's numerous conservation and humanitarian awards include the Freedom Festival Award (1975) and the first Pahlavi Environment Prize (1976). He became an Officer of the Order of Canada (1976) and has to date received more than 25 honorary degrees. Author MARTIN K. McNICHOLL
Sauvé, Maurice from TCE Standard economist, politician, businessman (b at Montréal 20 Sept 1923; d there 13 April 1992). Maurice Sauvé received his PhD from U de Paris in 1952 and returned to Montréal to work for the Canadian and Catholic Confederation of Labour. A Liberal, he was closely associated with the construction of the economic base for Québec's QUIET REVOLUTION. In 1962 he was elected to the House of Commons and served as minister of forestry and rural development 1964-68. Leaving politics for business, he joined Consolidated-Bathurst Inc and held a number of directorships. In 1985 he was named chancellor of U d'Ottawa. He was married to Gov Gen Jeanne SAUVÉ.Author HARRIET GORHAM
Privy Council Office from TCE Standard The Privy Council Office (PCO) is a prime minister's government department headed by the clerk designated (since 1940) secretary to the CABINET. Perhaps the most important and certainly the most senior of the CENTRAL AGENCIES of government, the PCO's pre-Confederation roots can be traced to the position of the clerk of the executive council of the Province of Canada; under the CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867, the PCO was only responsible for preparing and registering ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL. In fact no specific statutory basis for most of its functions exists; the bulk of its activities are conducted pursuant to the unwritten, conventional authority of the PRIME MINISTER and the Cabinet. Although the PCO has its own minister (President of the Privy Council), it can be said that the PCO is the prime minister's administrative agency for dealing with the collective concerns as head of government. The clerk of the PCO essentially serves as permanent deputy minister, a role reinforced in recent times by designating the holder of the office permanent head of the public service.F rom 1940 on, the PCO has provided the secretarial functions not only for the full Cabinet but for the numerous Cabinet committees created in response to the mounting burdens on the political executive. It co-ordinates the activities of Cabinet and Cabinet committees and acts as a liaison with government agencies and departments on Cabinet matters; it examines, edits and registers statutory regulations and arranges for their publication; and it traditionally advises the prime minister on those senior appointments in the public service not under the purview of the PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION.During the administrations of PMs Pierre TRUDEAU and Brian MULRONEY the PCO was criticized by those who objected to the growing power of the executive. Equally, there has been recurring concern that the non-partisan role of the PCO has been jeopardized by the possible overlap of functions in the greatly enlarged PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE.Were visitor on the Web
Prime Minister's Office from TCE StandardThe Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is a central agency that came into its own in the late 1960s. It differs from its counterparts in that it is staffed with temporary political appointees rather than full-time, career civil servants and has no statutory base, its budget being a component of the estimates for the PRIVY COUNCIL OFFICE. The Prime Minister determines the PMO's organization and role; its functions derive from the prime minister's political responsibilities as party leader rather than as head of government, though in practice the division between these responsibilities is not clear, thereby providing opportunities for the PMO to trespass on the more purely administrative preserves of other CENTRAL AGENCIES. The PMO is responsible for press and public relations, the PM's large correspondence, speaking engagements, etc; it advises on candidates for appointment to the numerous order-in-council appointees, eg, directorships on CROWN CORPORATIONS, members of regulatory commissions, on which the PM's recommendation is essential and decisive; it maintains contact with the party's officials outside the legislature and with the party caucus in the legislature; it generally serves as a listening post and a "gate-keeper" determining which matters will be brought to the PM's attention and ensuring that the political dimensions of public policies are not overlooked by the permanent bureaucracy. There is potential for overlap and competition with the Privy Council Office. The expansion of the personnel and functions of the PMO, which coincided with the prime ministership of Pierre TRUDEAU, reflected the increasingly dominant role of the PM, as head of government and head of party, and has been perpetuated by Trudeau's successors (Mulroney - Chrétien). The inherent tension between the political party-oriented role and the policy advisory functions of his PMO staff gave rise to contradictory conclusions that either the PMO is weak and fails to provide direction or else is too strong and trespasses on the turf of other central agencies - most notably the PCO. Author J.E. HODGETTSB
Sharp, Mitchell William from TCE StandardSharp, Mitchell William, public servant, politician (b at Winnipeg 11 May 1911). He joined the Department of Finance in 1942 and attracted the attention of C.D. HOWE, who had him transferred to the Department of Trade and Commerce in 1951. As associate deputy minister and then deputy minister, Sharp worked closely with Howe, providing economic analysis and writing speeches. It was made plain that the new Conservative government did not want him, and Sharp entered private business, 1958-63. Elected to Parliament for Eglinton, 1963-74, Sharp became PM PEARSON's minister of trade and commerce and then minister of finance, and was known as the leading antinationalist in the Cabinet, as well as a reformer of federal-provincial financial relations. After running unsuccessfully for the Liberal leadership, he became PM TRUDEAU's minister of external affairs, 1968-74, then president of the Privy Council. While minister of external affairs, Sharp formulated the so-called THIRD OPTION for Canadian cultural and economic independence from the US. He retired from politics in 1978 and then spent 10 years as commissioner for the Northern Pipeline Agency. Jean CHRÉTIEN considers Sharp a mentor, and since 1993 Sharp has been Chrétien's personal advisor, a duty for which he is paid one dollar a year. Sharp's memoirs, Which Reminds Me, were published in 1994. He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1983. Author ROBERT BOTHWELL
The Third Option was a 1972 pronouncement by Mitchell SHARP, secretary of state for external affairs, calling for a lessening of US economic and cultural influence on Canada. It appeared in a paper by Sharp, "Canada-U.S. Relations: Options for the Future" (International Perspectives, 1972). Noting an increasing nationalism on both sides of the border, Sharp addressed the question of how to live "distinct from, but in harmony with" the US. He rejected 2 options, status quo and a deliberate policy of "closer integration with the United States." Instead, he argued for a "third option" which would "develop and strengthen the Canadian economy and other aspects of its national life and in the process reduce the present Canadian vulnerability." This was to be achieved through trade diversification abroad and an industrial strategy at home which emphasized specialization and Canadian ownership and, as a consequence, increased self-sufficiency.In the cultural sphere, Sharp believed policies involving government subsidies and Canadian content regulations should be extended. The third option, Sharp insisted, was not anti-American; a stronger, more self-confident Canada would be a better neighbour. Although the third option was easier to applaud than to implement, official Ottawa regarded it very seriously, particularly in the period 1972-76, when the FOREIGN INVESTMENT REVIEW AGENCY and PETRO-CANADA were established and Canadian businesses were discouraged from advertising on American radio and television stations. A "contractual link" was signed with the European Economic Community in 1976, but this and other efforts at trade diversification have not been notably successful. Any pretence to a third option was dropped in the Mulroney years, as the Conservative government enthusiastically embraced closer ties with the US through the Free Trade Agreement and NAFTA. The percentage of Canada's trade with the US remains well over 75%.Author NORMAN HILLMER
Bell Canada Robert Carleton Scrivener
By Mr. Scrivener Bell 100% owner of Telesat Canada made a public covert-up of there direct patent theft involment by James Carden Thackray with of the ACILR-CDRIL new technology in august 1977-1978 and whit BCE by Albert Jean de Grandpré. Also by the Canadian and Quebec governmental authority to the 1977 AIR Canada new Crow Corporation.The Cover-up and Bell history Falsification: He paved the way for the creation of Bell-Northern Research and because he understood the potential of a totally digital network, Northern Electric, then a subsidiary of Bell, became a leader in the international switching market.
Sauvé, Jeanne-Mathilde from TCE Standard Sauvé, Jeanne-Mathilde, née Benoît, journalist, politician, governor general of Canada (b at Prud'homme, Sask 26 Apr 1922;  d at Montréal 26 Jan 1993). Sauvé studied at Collège Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire in Ottawa, U d'Ottawa
and U de Paris. She was national president of the Young Catholic Students Group
1942-47. She
married
Maurice
SAUVÉ
in 1948 and began a brilliant career as a free-lance journalist in print, radio and television. Her participation in discussions of political and social issues, her role in the improvement in the status of women and her commitment in a variety of domains all contributed to the development of ideas and the evolution of Canadian society.
Elected as an MP from Montréal in 1972, Sauvé was re-elected in 1974, 1979 and 1980. She was the first female French-Canadian Cabinet member, minister of state for science and technology, minister of the environment and of communications; it was largely because of initiatives taken (with the ACILR-CDRIL new technology) during her tenure that Canada joined the world leaders in advanced technologies.As the first female Speaker of the House of Commons (14 Apr 1980), she won respect through a combination of proficiency and authority. In less than 3 years, she completely reformed the administration of the House. As the first female governor general of Canada (14 May 1984), she proceeded to put in place a management system suitable to modern needs. Thanks to her prestige and leadership, she commanded respect for her attitude, opinions and pronouncements on major domestic and foreign issues of the day. As head of state, she was a rallying point for her compatriots, a dignified representative of Canada abroad and a symbol of Canadian unity. Author JEAN-NOEL TREMBLAY
Ryan, Claude from TCE Standard Ryan, Claude, journalist, politician (b at Montréal 26 Jan 1925). He ran Le DEVOIR 1964-78 and strongly influenced public debate during the
QUIET REVOLUTION in Québec. Ryan was national secretary of Action catholique 1945-62 and chaired the Ministry of Education's adult education study committee 1962-63. Admired for his careful analyses and clear positions, he helped make Le Devoir one of the most respected and influential newspapers in Canada.
In 1978 he was chosen to succeed Robert BOURASSA as leader of the Québec Liberal Party and entered the National Assembly the next year as the member for Argenteuil. He campaigned actively for the Non side against Prem René LÉVESQUE in the referendum on Québec SOVEREIGNTY-ASSOCIATION, but his participation was eclipsed by that of PM TRUDEAU. His party was defeated in the 1981 election and, despite the democratic reforms and intellectual revival that he brought to the Liberal Party, his leadership was seriously questioned and he resigned in the fall of 1982. However he remained an MNA, and following the Liberal victory in 1985 Bourassa named him minister of education. In 1989 he became minister of education and minister of higher education and science, with responsibility for the administration of the French-language charter. In 1990 he was named minster of municipal affairs and public security and retained the responsibility for the charter. Author DANIEL LATOUCHE
Hydro-Québec from TCE Standard
Hydro-Québec Hydro-Québec, a provincially owned corporation based in Montréal, is Canada's largest ELECTRIC UTILITY and, judged by assets ($30.6 billion in 1986), Canada's second largest corporation. More than 95% of its production is from renewable HYDROELECTRICITY.First created as a legal entity in 1944 by Godbout, Joseph-Adélard, Hydro-Québec did not become a major force until the early 1960s. René LÉVESQUE, then resources minister in the Liberal government of Jean LESAGE, oversaw the nationalization of the province's larger private electrical utilities. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Parti Québécois governments led by Lévesque further reorganized Hydro-Québec. The utility enjoys formidable economic advantages: once dams are in place, operating costs are very low; furthermore, it has a contract to buy power from the CHURCHILL FALLS project in Labrador at 1969 prices until the year 2041. Hydro-Québec can thus underbid ONTARIO HYDRO in the US export market, provide cheap power within Québec and still pay a dividend to the provincial government. In March 1998 premiers Brian Tobin and Lucien Bouchard announced that Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro and Hydro-QuÉbec would negotiate an agreement for the development of 3200 MW of additional power from the Churchill River system. The arrangement would include the expansion of the existing Churchill Falls project through the partial diversion of two Québec rivers, the Saint-Jean and the Romaine, into the Smallwood Reservoir. The utilities also negotiated the details of the Gull Island development on the Lower Churchill. A 2200 MW generating station, containing eight 283 MW generators, will be constructed. Two 735 kV transmission lines, one from Gull Island to Churchill Falls, and a second from Gull Island to Québec, will also be built and the cost rolled in to the Québec grid. The benefits to Newfoundland will include 1000 MW of hydro-electric power to consumers in Newfoundland and Labrador, the full benefit of higher market prices, other projects and payments to Newfoundland, and considerable employment. Québec's first hydroelectric-generating stations were built by private entrepreneurs at the end of the last century. In 1903 N America's first long high-voltage transmission line was placed in service. The 50 kV line ran 135 km from the Shawinigan powerhouse to Montréal. Although the new industry attracted many entrepreneurs, regional monopolies soon dominated the market. Responding to public criticism of poor service and high rates, the Québec government expropriated Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consolidated and its subsidiary, Beauharnois Light, Heat and Power Co, and empowered the Québec Hydro-Electric Commission to administer these 2 companies. Thus, Hydro-Québec was born on 14 Apr 1944. On 1 May 1963 Hydro-Québec extended its activities to cover the whole province. It purchased the shares of nearly all remaining privately owned electrical utilities then operating in Québec and took over their debts. The total amount involved was $600 million. Hydro-Québec subsequently undertook construction of the Manic-Outardes hydroelectric complex. The project's Daniel Johnson dam is the world's largest arch-and-buttress dam; its Manic 2 is the largest hollow-joint gravity dam. In order to transmit the complex's annual production of about 30 billion kWh over a distance of nearly 700 km, Hydro-Québec had to innovate. It became the first utility in the world to transmit electricity at 735 kV. Since then, its research institute, created in 1967, has pursued intensive research in electric-power transmission. In the early 1970s Hydro-Québec embarked on the JAMES BAY PROJECT. Completed in 1986, James Bay's LG-2, LG-3 and LG-4 power stations added 10 282 MW to Hydro-Québec's generating capacity. In Dec 1987, Hydro-Québec signed its first long-term sales contract, with Vermont Joint Owners, to export surplus electricity to the United States. Author ANDRÉ BOLD
Marchand, Jean from TCE StandardMarchand, Jean, union leader, politician (b at Champlain, Qué 20 Dec 1918; d at St Augustine, Qué 28 Aug 1988). After completing a social-science degree in labour relations at Laval (1942), he became an organizer for the Fédération de la pulpe et du papier and for the Confédération des travailleurs catholiques du Canada (1944). Secretary general of the CTCC from 1947, he was elected president 1961. During the 1950s, with other unionists, intellectuals and reform members of the Québec Liberal Party, he helped bring about the defeat of the Union Nationale government (1960). His union central, renamed the
CONFEDERATION OF NATIONAL TRADE UNIONS in 1960, worked closely with the Liberal government of Jean
LESAGE and won some legislative reforms, such as the right of government employees to form unions and to strike.
Critical of the rise of SEPARATISM in Québec in the early 1960s, Marchand was persuaded by PM Lester PEARSON to be a member of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism and to join the federal Liberal Party in 1965. His presence was designed to enhance the francophone presence in Cabinet and to defend the cause of federalism in Québec. He agreed on condition that 2 longtime friends, Pierre TRUDEAU and Gérard PELLETIER, be allowed to join him. He held several important Cabinet posts, resigning in 1976 to run in the Québec provincial election to try to prevent the PARTI QUÉBÉCOIS from coming to power. He failed in both objectives. He was appointed to the Senate in December 1976; selected Speaker in March 1980, he played a central role in the 1981 debate over reform of the Constitution. After his resignation from the Senate he was president of the Canadian Transport Commission 1983-85, when he became a director of Ports Canada and vice-chairman of the Québec Port Corp. In 1986 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. Author M.D. BEHIELS
Pelletier, Gérard from TCE Standard
Pelletier, Gérard, journalist, labour and social activist, politician, diplomat (b at Victoriaville, Qué 21 June 1919; d at Montréal 22 June 1997). One of 8 children of a working class family, Pelletier was educated at the Séminaire de Nicolet, Collège Mont-Laurier and the U de M. He was secretary-general of Québec's Jeunesse étudiante catholique 1939-43 and field secretary of the World Student Relief organization in Geneva 1945-47. After touring Argentina he returned to Montréal, where he became a reporter for Le DEVOIR 1947-50. His reporting of the 1949 ASBESTOS STRIKE brought him the position of director of Le Travail, the organ of the Confédération des travailleurs catholiques du Canada.In 1961 he left to become editor of La PRESSE; after a prolonged strike in 1964 the owners of La Presse fired him for his radical editorial views. His radical ideas developed during the war when he was influenced by French social Catholics, especially the personality philosophy of Emmanuel Mounier and the review Esprit. He was inspired, with several colleagues, including Pierre Elliott TRUDEAU, to found CITÉ LIBRE. Through Cité libre and Radio-Canada, Pelletier and the others denounced the socially regressive and antidemocratic policies of the DUPLESSIS regime as well as the clericalism of the Québec Catholic Church. They advocated using the state and dynamic labour organizations to create a modern, democratic and pluralistic Québec society. Pelletier's SOCIAL DEMOCRACY contributed to the re-emergence of ideological pluralism in Québec during the 1950s. With the rise of SEPARATISM in the 1960s, Pelletier, Trudeau and his longtime friend in the Catholic labour movement, Jean MARCHAND, decided to enter federal politics in 1965. Pelletier served as secretary of state for external affairs (1968-72) and minister of communications (1972-75) in the Trudeau administration. He helped formulate the federal government's response to the growing crisis in Québec/Ottawa relations. He pursued this goal as Canadian ambassador to France, 1975-81, and then became ambassador to the UN, 1981-84. In 1984 he became chairman of the board of the National Museums of Canada, a post he held until retiring from public life in 1987. He was the author of La Crise d'Octobre (1971), Les Années d'impatience (1983) and Les Temps des choix (1986, trans 1987 as Years of Choice). See also FRANCOPHONIE. Author MICHAEL D. BEHIELS
Lévesque, René from TCE Standard
Lévesque, René,
journalist, premier of Québec 1976-85 (b at New Carlisle, Que. 24 Aug 1922;
decease at Montréal 1 Nov 1987). A
A liaison officer and European war correspondent for the American armed
forces in WWII, Lévesque joined Levesque René one of the most popular and energetic members of the Lesage government, Lévesque was responsible for that government's decision to nationalize private electric utilities and for its efforts at cleaning up political mores. Increasingly critical of his party's stand on constitutional issues and of its relations with the federal government, Lévesque sat as an independent MNA in 1967 and quit the party for good in November 1967 to found the Mouvement souveraineté-association, which in October 1968 became the Parti Québécois. Having managed to unite the various groups promoting independence and a new political status for Québec, Lévesque's party won 23.2% of the vote in the 1970 elections. In 1973 the PQ became the official Opposition. Lévesque was twice defeated (1970 and 1973) in Laurier and Dorion, but on 15 November 1976 he won in Taillon. Campaigning successfully in this election against the unpopular Liberal government of Robert BOURASSA, the PQ promised a referendum on SOVEREIGNTY-ASSOCIATION. The PQ won a majority of 71 seats, a result that dismayed the rest of Canada.During its first term the new government passed several progressive measures concerning automobile insurance, rezoning of agricultural lands and the abolition of secret electoral funding. One of the most important pieces of legislation was BILL 101, which formalized the status of French as the official language of Québec. On 20 May 1980 the long-awaited referendum took place after an emotional campaign led on the Non side by Liberal Opposition leader ( French Biographie Claude RYAN) and federal Cabinet minister Jean CHRÉTIEN (with key support from PM TRUDEAU) and on the Oui, by Lévesque and his ministers. Lévesque suffered a major personal defeat when the sovereignty-association proposal won only 40 percent of the vote. Against all expectations the PQ was re-elected in 1981 but it suffered another defeat during the 1981-82 constitutional negotiations (see CONSTITUTION, PATRIATION OF), when the other 9 provinces accepted terms rejected by all parties in the Québec National Assembly. In 1982 and 1983 Lévesque's government met with considerable opposition and public disapproval when it attempted to reduce public spending to solve its grave financial problems.In November 1984 a serious crisis affected the PQ government when Lévesque announced his intention of not fighting the next election on the issue of independence while maintaining sovereignty-association as the party's official raison d'être. Several ministers resigned in protest but the party reaffirmed Lévesque's leadership at a special convention in Jan 1985. In June 1985, two years before his death, he resigned and resumed a broadcasting and journalism career. His Memoirs have sold more than 250 000 copies. Author DANIEL LATOUCHE
Bourassa, Robert from TCE StandardBourassa, Robert, politician, premier of Québec (b at Montréal, Qué 14 July 1933; d there 2 Oct 1996). Admitted to the Québec
Despite his youth, Bourassa was chosen to succeed Jean LESAGE as leader of the Québec Liberal Party in January 1970 and became premier after the Liberal victory in April 1970. In 1968 he had been a prime instigator of the party's decision to reject the constitutional proposals of René LÉVESQUE. Immediately after becoming premier he was faced with the OCTOBER CRISIS and the FRONT DE LIBERATION DU QUÉBEC agitations. Although he was re-elected in 1973 with a majority of 102 of 110 seats, his second term saw a weakening of Québec's position within Confederation, caused in part by his refusal to sign the constitutional agreement reached in Victoria in 1971. By 1976 his government was in ruins, amid accusations of scandal and corruption. The party lost the 1976 election to the Parti Québécois; Bourassa himself was defeated.After a long stay abroad, he returned to support the Non side during the 1980 QUEBEC REFERENDUM campaign. He was re-elected leader of the Liberals in the fall of 1983, replacing Claude RYAN. Although he personally failed to gain a seat in the riding of Bertrand in the provincial election of 2 December 1985, he led his party to a sweeping victory over the Parti Québécois. He was subsequently elected (Jan 20) in the riding of St Laurent. As premier, he was instrumental in negotiating the terms of the MEECH LAKE ACCORD (see MEECH LAKE ACCORD: DOCUMENT) and strongly supported Brian Mulroney's FREE TRADE deal with the US. The consensus on the Meech Lake Accord began to disintegrate in 1988, and with its failure, Separatist sentiments revived.In the 1989 provincial election, the PQ made significant gains in public support, though only slight gains in seats. The emergence of the BLOC QUÉBÉCOIS at the federal level gave the independantists a new focus. In reponse, Bourassa refused to attend first ministers' conferences on constitutional issues. He promised to hold a referendum in Québec on sovereignty if acceptable constitutional proposals were not offered by the rest of Canada before the summer of 1992. He finally returned to a first ministers' meeting in early August 1992, and his decision to relent on the demands of some premiers for a reformed Senate, in return for a guarantee for Québec of 25% representation in the House of Commons, made the first ministers' agreement on the CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD possible (see CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD: DOCUMENT).Nevertheless, the Accord failed to gain support in Québec during the 1992 National Referendum, but in this case Québec was not alone in its rejection. In early 1993 Bourassa underwent radical treatment for skin cancer and on September 14, 1993 he announced that he would resign after a leadership convention to be held in mid-January 1994. Author DANIEL LATOUCHE
Quebec Investment and Deposit Bank (Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec) from TCE Standard) Originally modeled on the Canada Pension Plan, the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec was established on July 15, 1965, to manage funds deposited by the Régie des rentes du Québec, the province's pension board, which was created one month earlier. The number of depositors to the Caisse, which has grown steadily since that time, currently exceeds 20 and consists primarily of public and parapublic pension funds and insurance plans.The legal mandate of the Caisse is to increase the assets of depositors, a responsibility that traditionally it has sought to fulfil while promoting economic development in Quebec. In general, it has been successful in meeting this dual objective, with performance comparing favourably to the Canada Pension Plan, and, frequently, to other Canadian institutional portfolios and standard reference indices. The early investments of the Caisse were essentially comprised of Quebec and Hydro-Québec bonds, a portion of which served as key backing for hydroelectric development in Churchill Falls, Labrador. Note: Rectification of date forgotten by The Canadian Encyclopedia concerning the Quebec governmental modified mandate was first done in September 1980 and had provoked the CEO resignation. this information could be fund of the CDPQ and as confirm by the French press article of Jean-Claude Scraire the legal adviser hire by Parizeau in 1981 and CDPQ president in 1995:And the English document were it was identified confirming Jean-Claude Scraire In 1997, its incorporating act was modified to allow the majority of its assets under management to be invested in equities. The Caisse is currently Canada's largest institutional investor, the primary holder of TSX-listed stocks and the holder of the country's largest real property portfolio. To maximize yield, the fund has established multiple subsidiaries specializing in investments in open and closed-capital companies in communications, new technologies, small business and large corporations and real estate. Due to its size, the fund is increasingly turning to foreign investment, and has opened offices in Europe, Asia and Latin America to seek out the best investment prospects. The fund's current objectives include making Montreal a world-class financial centre and doubling its assets by 2005. It is currently prospecting worldwide to win management assignments for its skilled team of some 400 experts. The Caisse has made caution and bold action its watchwords.
Canada Pension Plan from TCE StandardThe Canada Pension Plan (CPP), legislated in 1965 and in effect in 1966, is an earnings-related public PENSION plan that transfers income from workers to the retired. The CPP and its parallel QUÉBEC PENSION PLAN cover all Canadian throughout their working lives. The CPP retirement pension is calculated as 25% of a worker's average lifetime earnings, up to the average wage; the maximum pension in 1997 is $8842, though the average benefit for new pensioners is only $4885 or 55% of the maximum. In addition to a retirement pension, the CPP provides disability, survivor, orphans and death benefits. Benefits are fully indexed to the cost of living each year (see CONSUMER PRICE INDEX). The CPP is financed by payroll taxes ("contributions") levied on employers, employees and the self- employed. The current (1997) contribution rate is 3% of earnings between the basic exemption ($3500) and the maximum pensionable earnings ($35 800), which is about the average wage, split equally between employers and employees (the self-employed pay the full rate). Under an agreement reached between the federal and provincial governments in 1997, the contribution rate will increase more rapidly than under the previous system to reach 9.9% by 2003, after which it will remain at this "steady state rate" rather than continue to rise under the old system (to an estimated 14.2% by 2030). In addition, the year's basic exemption (below which contributions are not levied) will be frozen at its 1997 level of $3500. Under the old system, the maximum annual employee contribution would have increased from $945 in 1997 to a forecast $2295 in 2030. The new arrangement will see the maximum employee contribution rise from $969 in 1997 to $1730 in 2030. The CPP used to be funded on a "pay-as-you-go" basis, in which contributions were set at a level that would pay for current pension payouts and provide a contingency fund of 2 years of benefits. The surplus was lent to the provinces, invested in non-marketable securities of provincial governments. By accelerating the increase in the contribution rate, the 1997 reforms will move the CPP to a "partially funded" basis, accumulating a larger fund (equal to about 5 years of benefits) that will be invested more broadly in a diversified portfolio of securities to achieve a better rate of return. The 1997 reforms also reduced CPP benefits. Pensions will be calculated on the average of maximum pensionable earnings in the last 5 years, instead of 3 years. The administration of disability pensions will be further tightened; applicants must have worked and made contributions in 4 of the last 6 years (instead of the old rule of 2 of the last 3 or 5 of the last 10 years); retirement pensions for disability beneficiaries will be calculated using the average wage at the time of disablement instead of when the recipient turns 65; and the ceiling on combined survivor-disability benefits will be set at one maximum disability pension. The one-time death benefit, currently equal to $3580 or 6 months of retirement benefits, will be reduced to $2500 and frozen. These financing and benefit changes are intended to ensure the continued financial viability of the CPP in the face of rising expenditures from an aging population and to restore public confidence in the plan. Author K. BATTLE
Québec Pension Plan from TCE StandardQuébec Pension Plan (QPP), established in 1966, is the counterpart for the Québec labour force of the CANADA PENSION PLAN. The plan has the same rate of contributions, maximum pensionable earnings, retirement pensions and annual escalation of benefits, but the QPP flat-rate components of disability and surviving spouses' benefits are higher. The QPP allows women to exclude from the formula used to calculate pensions the periods during which they were at home in charge of a child under 7 years of age. Women in this category would be eligible for higher pensions under the QPP than under the CPP. QPP funds are deposited with the CAISSE DE DÉPOT ET PLACEMENT DU QUÉBEC. In 1986 its total assets of more than $25 billion, of which approximately $13.5 billion are QPP funds, were invested in bonds (60%), shares and convertible securities (26%), mortgages (6%), short-term investments (5.4%) and real estate (1.4%).Author A. ASIMAKOPULOS
Crown Land Crown landis the term used to describe land owned by the federal or provincial governments. Authority for control of these public lands rests with the Crown, hence their name. Less than 11% of Canada's land is in private hands; 41% is federal crown land and 48% is provincial crown land. The YUKON TERRITORY, the NORTHWEST TERRITORIES and the newly established territory of NUNAVUT are administered on behalf of Canada by INDIAN AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS CANADA through the Territorial Lands Act and Public Lands Grants Act. About 4% (17 million ha) of federally administered land is found in the provinces, ranging from 10.6% in Alberta to only 0.2% in Québec. Provincial crown land ownership varies, too, from a high of 95% in Newfoundland to less than 2% in PEI. Surface and subsurface rights to the mineral, energy, forest and water resources may be leased to private enterprise - a very important source of government income in Canada. National and provincial PARKS, Indian reserves, federal military bases and provincial forests are the largest and most visible allocations of crown land. Author V.P. NEIMANIS
Fox, Francis from TCE StandardFox, Francis, lawyer, politician (b at Montréal 2 Dec 1939). He was educated at Jean-de-Brébeuf College, Université de Montréal (LL.L), Harvard Law School (LL.M) and Oxford (MA). He was called to the Québec Bar in 1963 and worked as a lawyer from 1965 to 1968. In 1972 he was first elected Liberal MP in Montréal. He was re-elected 1974, 1979 and 1980 and was solicitor general of Canada 1976-78, resigning over a controversy. He returned as secretary of state and minister of communications 1980-82 and continued as minister of communications 1982-84. He oversaw a major reorganization of the 2 departments and was instrumental in initiating many new federal cultural policies, including the creation of Telefilm Canada, the broadcast fund and co-production treaties in film and television. After a brief stint as minister of international trade in the Turner cabinet, he was defeated in the fall election of 1984. He returned to private life as a partner with the law firm Martineau, Walker, and he was also chairman of the board of Young Canada Television (1985).
Economic Nationalism from TCE StandardEconomic nationalism, in Canada, is a movement aimed at achieving greater control by Canadians of their own economy. In recent years it arose in response to the high degree of foreign (especially American) control of the Canadian economy. Two separate strands of economic nationalism can be distinguished. The first, protectionism in trade - the establishment of a system of tariffs to favour domestic production of goods and to discourage imports - dates at least to the NATIONAL POLICY of 1879. The policy was partly intended to encourage the creation of an industrial base in Canada by protecting so-called "infant industries" against the competition of larger and more established firms abroad. The second strand is concerned with the ownership of Canadian businesses by foreigners and is largely a post-WWII phenomenon, although some foreign direct investment did exist prior to 1940 as a classic 1936 study, Canadian-American Industry, revealed. Canadian descent Origin
Germany Germany. In 1986 Canadians of German descent formed the fifth largest ethnic group in Canada - after French, English, Scottish, and Irish. In 1986 the figure was approximately 900,000 of German origin and an estimated 1,700,000 with German-speaking ancestors from various parts of Europe. The arrival of Germans began about 1750 in Nova Scotia and rarely has halted for long. They have settled in every province and have assimilated quickly. Except in certain areas of concentrated German settlement, such as Waterloo County, Ont, folk traditions have not been perpetuated by the second or third generation born in Canada. Other group none identified by the Canadian Encyclopedia From:
As reported by There have been three streams of German immigration: from Germany itself (to Nova Scotia and Quebec in the 18th century, to the area west of Lake Ontario after about 1790, and to almost all regions later); from the USA (Loyalists in the 18th century and Mennonites or 'Pennsylvania Dutch'); and from German-speaking pockets of eastern Europe, usually sharing a religious identity (Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites).
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Bar in 1957, and a graduate of Oxford (1959), he was successively (1960-66) fiscal adviser to the Dept of National Revenue, a professor at University of Ottawa, Laval and Université de Montréal, and research director for the Bélanger Commission on fiscal policy. He was elected MNA for Mercier in the Québec provincial election of 1966.